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7th Meeting of the Expert Group on
Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group) New Delhi, 2 - 4 February 2004 |
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Session No2 |
Improving the quality of
Informal Sector Statistics – Country Experience |
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Informal Sector Statistics
and Supporting Surveys: Indonesia Experience |
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By Rusman Heriawan |
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BPS, Statistics Indonesia |
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INFORMAL SECTOR STATISTICS AND SUPPORTING SURVEYS: INDONESIA EXPERIENCE
Informal
sector in Indonesia and in many other developing countries is substantial and
important. Though its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is still
very small (less than 20%), it absorbs a very large number of employment. In
2000, for instance, more than 64.9% of the total employment were working in the
informal sector. The informal activity has become more important during
economic crisis 1998-1999. People who lost their job in the formal sector tried
to create their own job in the informal sector to survive.
However, the concept and
definition of the informal sector is not clear enough. A number of discussions
and workshops have already been conducted to define and specify this entity but
still not having a good result. Many borderline cases around the informal
sector are still subject to be discussed.
Unclear definition of the informal
sector has influenced the development and improvement of their statistics. BPS
- Statistics Indonesia has been conducting several surveys relating to the
informal sector, using establishment approach as well as household approach.
However, the results of both surveys are not fully reflecting to the informal
sector. More interpretations are needed to specify the informal sector from
those surveys.
The informal sector covers
a wide range of labor market activities that combine two groups of different
nature. On the one hand, the informal sector is formed by the coping behavior
of individuals and families in their economic problems where earning
opportunities are scarce. On the other hand, the informal sector is a product
of rational behavior of entrepreneurs that desire to escape state regulations.
The two types of informal sector activities can be described as follows:
2.1.
Unofficial business
activities: tax evasion, avoidance of labor regulation and other government or
institutional regulations, no registration of the company;
2.2.
Underground activities:
crime, corruption - activities not registered by statistical offices.
The informal sector plays an
important and controversial role. It provides jobs, reduces unemployment and
underemployment, and helps alleviate poverty, but in many cases the jobs are
low-paid and the job security is poor. It bolsters entrepreneurial activity,
but at the detriment of state regulations compliance, particularly regarding
tax and labor regulations. The size of the informal labor market varies from
the estimated 4-6% in the high-income countries to over 50% in the low-income
countries. Its size and role in the economy increases during economic downturns
(recession) and periods of economic adjustment and transition (economy
recovery).
The concept of the informal sector was introduced
into international usage in 1972 by the International Labor Organization (ILO)
in its Kenya Mission Report, which defined informality as a “way of doing
things characterized by (a) ease of entry; (b) reliance on indigenous
resources; (c) family ownership; (d) small scale operations; (e) labor
intensive and adaptive technology; (f) skills acquired outside of the formal
sector; and (g) unregulated and competitive markets”. Since that time, many
definitions were introduced by different authors in different countries and the
ILO itself. The ILO international symposium on the informal sector in 1999
proposed that the informal sector workforce can be categorized into three broad
groups: (a) owner-employers of micro enterprises, which employ a few paid
workers, with or without apprentices; (b) own-account workers, who own and
operate one-person business, who work alone or with the help of unpaid workers,
generally family members and apprentices; and (c) dependent workers, paid or
unpaid, including wage workers in micro enterprises, unpaid family workers,
apprentices, contract labor, homeworkers and paid domestic workers.
Operationalizing
the concept of informality for the purpose of measurement is not easy both
because the two categories of the informal sector overlap and because the
border between the informal and the formal sector is blurry. First, if
unofficial earning strategies are exercised by a low-profit small establishment
with low quality working conditions, then workers of this enterprise and the
enterprise itself can be classified as belonging to both informal market
categories. An example of such a case is an unregistered one-person low-profit
street trade establishment - these characteristics combine unofficial and
survival activities. Second, some formal market jobs or establishments can be
classified as informal if it is found that they have poor work protection or if
the life style and opportunities they entail are considered undesirable. If the
street trader from the previous example registers her establishment, the
establishment and the trader herself could be categorized as belonging to the
formal sector if the profit is considered above the survival level.
The lattest approach –
developed by BPS-Statistics Indonesia is a modification of the first one –
proposed by combining the employment status and occupation. There are several
differences compared to the prior approach, namely:
a)
Self-employed without
assistance of other person(s); agricultural freelance worker; and
non-agricultural freelance worker, who merely having occupation other than (i)
professional, technical and related workers; (ii) administrative and managerial
workers; and (iii) clerical and related workers are categorized into formal
sector.
b)
Self-employed assisted
by family worker or temporary workers who merely having occupation as (i)
agricultural workers and (ii) others are categorized into informal sector.
|
Main
Employment Status |
Main Occupation
|
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Professional,
Technical & Related Workers |
Administrative &
Managerial Workers |
Clerical
& Related Workers |
Sales
Workers |
Services Workers |
Agricultural Workers |
Production Workers |
Operators |
Laborers |
Others |
|
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
(11) |
|
Self Employed |
F |
F
|
F |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
|
Self Employed Assisted by Family or Temporary Worker |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
INF |
F |
F |
F |
INF |
|
Employer |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
|
Employee |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
F |
|
Agricultural Freelance Worker |
F |
F |
F |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
|
Non-Agricultural Freelance Worker |
F |
F |
F |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
|
Unpaid Worker |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
INF |
F = Formal
Inf = Informal
Approaches to measuring the informal
sector and examples of empirical work where indirect measures were used to estimate
the size of the unofficial economy and informal sector can be found in the next
section.
B. From Type
of Economic Activity-Point of View
According to the 1996 Economic Census, all economic
activities are divided into two broad groups: (1) establishment having legal
status, such as state-owned company, local government-owned company, limited
private company, co-operative, and foundation; (2) establishment not having
legal status, such as micro establishment, home-industry, street-vendor, etc.
The economic activity without having
legal status is understood to be closed to the informal sector, eventhough not
exactly the same. By location, this entity can be grouped into : (a)
establishment using fixed location and unremovable equipments, (b) establishment
using unfixed location or located in fixed location but their equipments are
removable.
Viewed from their economic activity,
the coverage of establishment without having legal status are : (a)
individually owned mining, (b) small scale and cottage industry, (c) individual
construction activity, (d) trade, restaurant and accommodation, (e) individual
transport activity, (f) saving, loan, and money changer runned by individual,
(g) other services.
Informal establishment are not easy to define due
differences of the type of establishments in different sectors. In BPS, the
manufacturing establishment is categorized by the number of workers.
Establishment with workers less than 5 is classified as household cottage
industry, and if its workers are 5-19, are included in small-scale industries.
There is no agreement yet for the informal establishments on whether to confine
only to industries with less than 5 or less than 20 workers. However, the most
commonly accepted criterium for informal establishments are those
establishments with less than 5 workers.
For other sectors, the problem are more complicated.
For trade sector, for instance, the assets and total sales can be very
substantial even if the number of workers are less than 5. the ministry in
charge used assets and outputs for all sectors to define small and medium scale
establishment, not for defining informal establishment.
The 1996 Economic Census conducted by BPS, for the
sake of data collection on establishments are divided into two groups. Directory
and Non-Directory Establishments. The Directory Establishments (DE) are to
compiled in a directory and routinely updated. While the collection of NDE, is
only done occasionally through surveys. The NDE can be used as the basis for
defining informal establishments. As mentioned above for manufacturing
establishments, the NDE are those with less than 19 workers, while for other
sectors are based on not having legal status.
Legal status in Indonesia must also be clearly
defined. At least there are three different legal status. The first is whether
incorporated or unincorporated establishments, the second is those
establishments granted permission by the local authority (government) to
operate, and the third are those registered with some ministries in charge for
the sectoral development. In 1996 Economic Census any one of them are
considered as DE. However, it is disputed whether NDE can be considered as
informal establishments. But at least, this information can be used as the
basis for defining informal establishments.
The important household survey relating
to the informal sector is the National Labour Force Survey (NLFS) conducted
annually since 1976. The NLFS aims to meet three main objectives: (a) to know
number of employment by education, working hours, occupation, industrial
origin, and employment status, at national and regional level, (b) to derive
unemployment by different characteristic, and (c) to specify working age population
not in labour force which are in school, housekeeping, and others.
According to the survey, employment is
defined as the persons of 15 years old and over who work for pay or assist
others in obtaining pay or profit for duration at least one hour during the
survey week. The rest of the total labour force are classified as unemployment,
the persons who do not have any work and looking for work. Unemployment rate in
Indonesia according to the above definition is about 9.06 % in 2002.
One important classification
of the employment relating to the informal sector is employment status. There
are five different levels of work status:
a)
Self-employed without
assistance of other person(s) is a person who works at his/her own risk without
assistance of his/her family members or other workers.
b)
Self-employed assisted
by family worker or temporary workers.
c)
Employer with permanent
workers is a person who does his/her business assisted by paid permanent
workers.
d)
Employee, is a person
who works for another person or an institution for pays in cash or in kind.
e)
Unpaid worker, is a
person who works without pay in an economic institution operated by other
members of the family, relatives, or neighbours.
To interpret informal
worker using the employment status is also not easy, however, three status
above are closed to this: self-employed without assistance of other person,
self-employed assisted by family workers and unpaid worker. Most researchers
and analysts agree to use those three categories to approach the number of informal
worker. However, as described before, not all self-employed and self-employed
assisted by family or temporary worker are informal worker.
The latest NLFS was carried
out in August 2002. The total samples selected for this survey was about 66,000
households scattered all over Indonesia. Sampling was designed to obtain the
pictures of employment and unemployment at provincial level. Two-stage sampling
was applied to select a representative sample: first, to select a number of
enumeration area (census block) using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS)
method, second, after listing all households at selected census block, a number
of households were drawn using Systematic Sampling (SS). One census block
consists of around 300 households.
One important thing to be
considered, that in the period of 1986-1993, NFLS has been conducted quarterly,
in order to obtain seasonally employment pattern and unemployment over the
years. However, since the number of sample became very small due to the limited
budget and seasonal index of sectoral unemployment was not significantly
change, the survey was considered again to be in annual basis.
BPS has undertaken the 1996 Economic
Census, as the second economic census after similar census in 1986. In 2004, a
preparation of 2006 Economic Census will be started. The census becomes a
starting point for the informal sector statistics under establishment approach.
The census covers all economic activities except agriculture. The economic
activity both having legal status (formal/large-scale establishment) and not
having legal status (informal/small-scale establishment) were covered in the
census.
The objectives of the Economic Census
are: (a) to know the population of establishments for non-agricultural
activities along with number of employees, (b) to construct an integrated
directory of companies having a business legal entity, to be used as the basis
for national sampling frame, (c) to provide with detailed economic structures and
indicators regarding business activities.
The important data
regarding informal sector from the Economic Census are:
(a).
number of establishment
not having legal status by employment size, industrial origin, province, and
other characteristic.
(b).
output and input
structure by industrial group and province.
(c).
number of establishment
by industrial group and province, and
(d).
their opinion on the
prospects and constraints regarding their activity.
ntegrated Survey of Small-Scale
Establishment (ISSE) is a follow-up survey of the Economic Census concerning
only on the establishment without having legal status. This survey also covers
all economic activities except agriculture. As mentioned before, the result of
the ISSE was not fully reflecting the informal sector. As a starting point, the
number of small-scale establishment (SSE) recorded under the 1996 Economic
Census was 16.8 million excluding agriculture sector. To have a more complete
picture of SSE, a sample size of 1.16 million establishments has been selected
under the census and out of this 0.64 million was for retail trade. The ISSE
itself has been conducting in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003. There was
no ISSE in 1997. The number of sample for 1998 was only 89,000 establishments,
conducted once, while for 1999 was 118,000 establishments conducted four times
(quarterly) using 29,500 samples for each quarter, among others 11,325 samples
for retail trade. For two years later – i.e., in 2000 and 2001 – respectively
employed 59,433 samples or on average 14,850 samples for each quarter. The
latest survey for 2002 employed 59,466 samples or approximately 14,866 samples
for each quarter.
Two-stage sampling was
applied in ISSE to select representative establishment. First, to select a
number of enumeration area by considering two stratums, highly-density economic
unit area and housing area, second, to select a number of establishments after
having the list of all establishments within the selected enumeration area, and
PPS method was implemented.
IV. COMBINING INFORMATION FROM ESTABLISHMENT AND
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY FOR DEFINING INFORMAL SECTOR
It
is interesting to analyze the two sources of information on informal sector:
establishment survey and household survey. The important question is whether
informal workers must work in an informal establishment, and formal workers
work in formal establishment. Or is it possible, formal workers work in an
informal establishment and on the other way around, informal workers work in
formal establishment. A matrix can be produced, and a reconciliation can be
done to obtain more precise estimate of informal sector.
However,
any definition produced must be operational, and consequentially must be
simple. Due to the nature of irregularity of informal activities, a precise
definition is almost impossible to developed. We must aimed at closest
definition that can portray the activities and flunctuation of this sector for
policy analysis. Precise measurement is not always necessary and sometimes is
not possible.
Total labour force in 2002 derived from
the NLFS (as shown in Table 1.a) was accounted for 100.8 million. This means
that the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) reached 67.8 %, since total
working-age population estimated for 148.7 million. The 2002 LFPR is slightly
higher than the LFPR in 1996 (66.9 %), influenced by the higher growth of
labour force which reached 2.2% per year during 1996 – 2002.
Out of the total labour force, 91.6
million are working (employment) and 9.1 million are not working and still
looking for work (unemployment). According to this, unemployment rate for 2002
is about 9.1 % obviously higher than the rate for 1996 (4.9 %).
Regarding the employment status (as
depicted in Table 1.b), the largest part of employment in 2002 was employee
(paid permanent worker) which reached 36.1 %. The second largest part was
self-employed assisted by family member (24.0 %), followed by self-employed
without assistance from other persons (19.2 %), unpaid worker (17.6 %), and
employer (3.0 %). Using the informal sector spesification as described before,
total informal workers in 2002 was 55.7 million or 60.8 % of the total
employment. This percentage is slightly lower than the percentage of 1996 (64.4
%). The highest percentage of the informal worker was recorded for 1998 (65.4
%). This is caused by the sharp increase of the total informal worker during
economic crisis, from 54.0 million in 1996 to 57.3 million in 1998, or an
increase of 6.1 % during the period.
Further information on informal worker
can be seen at Table 1.c. Agricultural sector, in fact, has highest density of
informal worker, which reached 44.3 % to the total employment in 2002.
Self-employment assisted by family member is the most typical status in
agricultural activities. The second highest density of informal worker was in
trade sector (19.4 %), and self-employment without assistance of other persons
was the most typical. On the other hand, the lowest density of informal sector
was in financial sector (1.1 %). The most employment in this sector are paid
parmanent worker.
On the other hand by utilizing the
lattest approach (Table 1.d), total informal worker in 2002 was 58.0 million
workers who mostly (64.4 %) involved in agricultural activities.
Based on the 1996 Economic Census,
total establishment excluding agriculture reached 17.02 million (Table 2.a),
among others 16.78 million (98.6%) are establishment without having legal
status, and only 0.24 million (1.4%) are having legal status. As described
before, establishments without having legal status are considered as
approximation of informal sector.
The largest informal sector both in
number and in percentage was in trade sector, 9.77 million establishments and
99.5% were operating as informal activity. In contrast, smallest percentage of
informal sector was in financial sector (31.7%). The informal sector, in fact, are scaterred in every province all
over Indonesia. The percentage of number of establishments categorized in
informal sector to the total establishments in every province is almost the
same (see Table 2.b).
In number of employees (Table 2.c),
78.6% of employees in 1996 were working in informal sector. The most informal
workers were working in trade sector (94.3%) and the least were in financial
sector (8.2%). In term of gross output (Table 2.e), informal sector contributed
only 17.8% of the total output, and the biggest contribution was in trade
sector (61.2%), whereas the smallest was in electricity, gas and water supply
(only 0.4%).
During the period of 1996 – 2002, the
number of establishments in informal sector was very fluctuating, as shown in
Table 3.a. It was recorded at 16.8 million in 1996, 14.0 million in 1998 (or
decreased by 16.7%), 14.5 million in 1999 (or increased by 3.9%), 15.0 million
in 2000 (or increased by 3.2%), 14.7 million in 2001 (or decreased by 2.1%),
and 15.6 million in 2002 (or increased by 6.1%). The decline of the number of
establishments in 1998 mainly caused by economic crisis, where almost all
economic activities (except agriculture) collapsed, among others closed their
businesses.
Trade sector has consistently largest
number of informal activity during the period. This sector contributed 57.6% -
61.2% of the total informal activities. In contrast, financial sector only
contributed around 0.02% of the total informal activities. By province, Central
Java contributed the largest number of informal activity (21.6%), followed by
East Java (20.1%), and West Java (19.7%). Jakarta as the capital city
contributed around 5% during 1996 – 2002.
Informal sector is very typical but
important element in many developing countries including Indonesia. It absorbs
a very large number of employment, eventhough its contribution to the GDP is
still very low. When the country was facing on the problem of high unemployment
rate, informal sector is usually considered to solve.
The concept and definition of the
informal sector are still unclear and influences so far, the development of
informal sector statistics in one side and policy making process of informal
sector in another side. Many policy makers have different perception and understanding
of the sector.
The concept of employment (working
person) implemented in the NLFS looks very weak since it considered at least
one hour working during the survey week to be an employment. In consequence,
unemployment rate tends to be underestimated, and under-employment including
those are working in the informal sector become very high. The nature of
employment, in fact very different in developing countries compared to
developed countries.
Table 1.a. Population 15 Years of Age and Over by Type of Activity, 1996 - 2002
|
Type of Activity |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999
|
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
|
Economically
Active (Labour
Force)
a.
Working (Employment)
b.
Looking For Work (Unemployment) |
88.186.772
83.900.138
4.286.634 |
89.602.835
85.405.529
4.197.306 |
92.734.932
87.672.449
5.062.483 |
94.847.178
88.816.859
6.030.319 |
95.650.961
89.837.730
5.813.231 |
98.812.448
90.807.417
8.005.031 |
100.779.270
91.647.166
9.132.104 |
|
2.
Non Economically Active
(Non- Labour Force)
a. Attending
School
b.
House Keeping
c.
Others |
43.691.185
10.794.865
23.987.821
8.908.499 |
45.467.515
10.814.356
25.896.013
8.757.146 |
45.821.266
11.273.682
25.266.906
9.280.678 |
46.249.239
10.934.731
25.857.621
9.456.887 |
45.519.844
10.763.473
25.275.187
9.481.184 |
45.221.425
10.899.236
26.461.653
7.860.536 |
47.950.664
11.238.799
28.724.098
7.987.767 |
|
Total |
131.877.957 |
135.070.350 |
138.556.198 |
141.096.417 |
141.170.805 |
144.033.873 |
148.729.934 |
|
1.
Unemployment Rate (%) |
4.86 |
4.68 |
5.46 |
6.36 |
6.08 |
8.10 |
9.06 |
|
2.
Labour Force
Participation Rate (%) |
66.87 |
66.34 |
66.93 |
67.22 |
67.76 |
68.60 |
67.76 |
Note
: Working
(Employment) is an activity done by a person who worked for pay or
assisted others in obtaining pay or profit for the duration at least one hour
during the survey week.
Table 1.b. Number of
Employment by Main Employment Status, 1996 - 2002
|
Main
Employment Status |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999
|
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
|
1.
Self Employed (Own Account Worker) |
18.250.051 (21.75) |
19.864.774 (23.26) |
20.523.338 (23.41) |
21.707.778 (24.44) |
19.501.330 (21.71) |
17.451.704 (19.22) |
17.632.909 (19.24) |
|
2.
Self Employed Assisted by Family Member (Temporary Employee) |
21.094.975 (25.15) |
17.982.745 (21.06) |
19.690.059 (22.46) |
18.914.502 (21.30) |
20.720.366 (23.06) |
20.329.073 (22.39) |
22.019.393 (24.03) |
|
3.
Employer |
1.184.428 (1.41) |
1.466.471 (1.72) |
1.525.625 (1.74) |
2.552.803 (2.87) |
2.032.527 (2.26) |
2.788.878 (3.07) |
2.786.226 (3.04) |
|
4.
Employee |
28.704.064 (34.21) |
30.277.787 (35.45) |
28.805.421 (32.86) |
29.383.548 (33.08) |
29.498.039 (32.84) |
32.651.161 (35.96) |
33.123.320 (36.14) |
|
5.
Unpaid Worker
|
14.666.620 (17.48) |
15.813.752 (18.51) |
17.128.006 (19.53) |
16.258.228 (18.31) |
18.085.468 (20.13) |
17.586.601 (19.37) |
16.085.318 (17.55 |
|
6.
Total |
83.900.138 (100.00) |
85.405.529 (100.00) |
87.672.449 (100.00) |
88.816.859 (100.00) |
89.837.730 (100.00) |
90.807.417 (100.00) |
91.647.166 (100.00) |
Table 1.c.
Number of Employment By Main Employment Status And Main Industry, 2002
|
Main
Employment Status |
Main Industry |
Total |
|||||||
|
Agriculture,Forestry,
Hunting and Fishery
|
Manufactur-ing
Industry
|
Construc-tion
|
Wholesale Trade,
Retail Trade, Restaurants and Hotels |
Transportation,
Storage and Comunica-tion
|
Financing,Insurance,Real
Estate and Business Services |
Community,
Social and Personal Services |
Others
|
||
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
|
1. Self Employed |
4.514.639 (11.11) |
1.240.077 (10.24) |
405.729 (9.49) |
7.237.659 (40.67) |
2.578.922 (55.19) |
39.651 (4.00) |
1.468.647 (14.18) |
147.585 (18.22) |
17.632.909 (19.24) |
|
2.
Self Employed Assisted by Family Member (Temporary.Help) |
16.403.393 (40.37)
|
1.198.936 (9.90)
|
111.541 (2.61) |
3.850.590 (21.64) |
160.826 (3.44) |
11.538 (1.16) |
204.616 (1.98)
|
77.953 (9.62)
|
22.019.393 (24.03) |
|
3.
Employer |
952.985 (2.34) |
441.524 (3.65) |
253.809 (5.94) |
703.055 (3.95) |
210.788 (4.51) |
15.831 (1.60) |
181.398 (1.75)
|
26.836 (3.31)
|
2.786.226 (3.04) |
|
4.
Employee |
6.842.476 (16.84) |
7.941.301 (65.58) |
3.450.802 (80.74) |
3.426.703 (19.26) |
1.683.169 (36.02) |
921.572 (92.92) |
8.351.389 (80.61) |
505.908 (62.45) |
33.123.320 (36.14) |
|
5.
Unpaid Worker |
11.920.134 (29.34) |
1.288.159 (10.64) |
52.033 (1.22) |
2.577.023 (14.48) |
38.879 (0.83) |
3.153 (0.32) |
154.138 (1.49) |
51.799 (6.39) |
16.085.318 (17.55) |
|
Total |
40.633.627 (100.00) |
12.109.997 (100.00) |
4.273.914 (100.00) |
17.795.030 (100.00) |
4.672.584 (100.00) |
991.745 (100.00) |
10.360.188 (100.00) |
810.081 (100.00) |
91.647.166 (100.00) |
Table
1.d. Number of Informal Workers by Main Industry
|
Main Industry |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(5) |
(6) |
|
1.
Agriculture |
29.972.910
|
34.031.940 |
32.307.276
|
32.085.241 |
36.027.502 |
37.321.006
|
|
2.
Mining &
Quarrying |
367.376 |
225.484 |
278.657 |
393.267 |
401.376 |
277.881
|
|
3.
Manufacturing |
3.415.751 |
3.034.818 |
3.577.520 |
3.656.475 |
2.940.692 |
3.155.917 |
|
4.
Electricity, Gas, and
Water Supply |
32.747 |
21.071 |
18.469 |
35.055 |
16.867 |
12.964
|
|
5.
Construction |
652.455 |
646.240 |
522.579 |
698.437 |
1.529.028 |
2.199.153
|
|
6.
Trade |
10.464.901 |
10.449.160 |
10.726.260 |
11.202.412 |
10.052.605 |
10.036.112
|
|
7.
Transport, Storage
and Communication |
2.220.002 |
2.319.807 |
2.473.556 |
2.376.456 |
2.573.525 |
2.883.232 |
|
8.
Financial &
Corporate Services |
71.512 |
54.061 |
63.053 |
76.552 |
59.401 |
31.806 |
|
9.
Social &
Community Services |
2.768.840 |
2.599.705 |
2.631.414 |
2.963.973 |
2.205.202 |
2.058.531 |
|
All
Sectors |
49.966.494 |
53.382.285 |
52.598.784 |
53.487.868 |
55.806.198 |
57.976.602 |
|
|
Table
1.e. Number of Informal Workers by Education
(1997 -2002) |
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
No |
Education
|
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
|
1. |
No
Schooling |
6.585.852 |
6.288.030 |
5.676.642 |
6.564.728 |
5.719.851 |
5.860.519 |
|
2. |
Did Not Complete/ Not Yet Completed Primary School |
12.525.372 |
11.921.928 |
11.104.832 |
12.446.539 |
12.007.310 |
11.734.603 |
|
3. |
Primary
School |
18.394.376 |
21.673.520 |
21.303.366 |
22.627.238 |
24.254.779 |
25.685.565 |
|
4. |
Junior High School General |
5.075.941 |
5.949.460 |
6.481.206 |
6.211.259 |
7.877.996 |
8.425.655 |
|
5. |
Junior High School Vocational |
665.144 |
758.829 |
804.876 |
792.220 |
775.763 |
740.912 |
|
6. |
Senior High School General |
2.551.859 |
3.057.686 |
3.390.231 |
3.192.236 |
3.297.628 |
3.531.565 |
|
7. |
Senior High School Vocational |
1.078.602 |
1.291.180 |
1.331.114 |
1.347.997 |
1.515.948 |
1.640.148 |
|
8. |
Diploma I/II |
38.098 |
50.812 |
46.284 |
53.048 |
48.557 |
60.048 |
|
9. |
Academy/ Diploma III |
66.268 |
80.533 |
90.654 |
84.077 |
97.573 |
93.223 |
|
10. |
University |
117.676 |
161.423 |
177.565 |
168.526 |
210.793 |
204.364 |
|
|
Total |
47.099.188 |
51.233.401 |
50.406.770 |
53.487.868 |
55.806.198 |
57.976.602 |
Table
1.f. Number of Informal Workers by Area 1997 -2002 |
|
|