ANNUAL
SURVEY OF INDUSTRIES (ASI)
Introduction
The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)
is the principal source of industrial statistics in India. It provides
statistical information to assess and evaluate, objectively and realistically,
the changes in the growth, composition and structure of organised manufacturing
sector comprising activities related to manufacturing processes, repair
services, gas and water supply and cold storage. Industrial sector occupies an
important position in the Indian economy and has a pivotal role to play in the
rapid and balanced economic development. Viewed in this context the collection
and dissemination of ASI data, on a regular basis, are of vital importance. The
Survey is conducted annually under the statutory provisions of the Collection
of Statistics Act 1953, and the Rules framed there-under in 1959, except in the
State of Jammu & Kashmir where it is conducted under the State Collection
of Statistics Act, 1961 and the rules framed there-under in 1964.
Historical Background
2. Understanding the importance of collection and compilation
of data relating to industrial sector of the country, the Government of India,
after 1930, launched a voluntary scheme for collection of detailed data from
important industries in India. During the Second World War, in order to cater
to the specific requirement of war management, each government department
created its own statistical sections. In
1942, Industrial Statistics Act was formed on the recommendation of the Royal
Commission on Labour. A Directorate of Industrial Statistics (DIS) was formed
in 1945 under Ministry of Commerce to administer the act. DIS started Census of
Manufacturing Industries in 1946. After independence, Central Statistical
Organisation (CSO) was set up under Cabinet Secretariat by the Government of
India in 1951 as an apex statistical body for co-ordinating the large variety
of data collected by various agencies which was necessitated for adoption of
planned economy by the government. In 1956, the Industrial Statistics Act 1942
was repealed with the passing of a more comprehensive Collection of Statistics
Act 1953. Subsequently DIS was transferred to the Cabinet Secretariat in 1959
and was attached to Central Statistical Organisation as Industrial Statistics
Wing.
Census of
Manufacturing Industries (CMI)
3. The Directorate of
Industrial Statistics launched the CMI in 1946 with the objective of studying
the structure of the Indian industry and estimating its contribution to
national income. Because of practical
difficulties, the CMI could cover only 29 of the 63 industry groups specified
in the Industrial Statistics Act and extended only to 11 States of the Indian
Union. It was conducted annually up to
1958. By 1958, the geographical coverage
of the CMI extended to 13 States and 2 Union Territories (UT).
Sample
Survey of Manufacturing Industries (SSMI)
4. Following the
recommendation of the National Income Committee (1949), the Directorate of
Industrial Statistics conducted the first SSMI in 1949 for collecting data from
factories falling under the 34 industry groups left out by the CMI and defined
under the Factories Act 1934. The
technical work including the survey design, sample selection, and preparation
of schedules was undertaken by the Directorate of Industrial Statistics while
the tabulation and analysis of data, report writing, etc. was carried out by
the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta. The SSMI was conducted annually up
to 1958 by the then Directorate of National Sample Survey (now the NSS
Organisation).
Annual
Survey of Industries (ASI)
5. The Collection of
Statistics (Central) Rules, 1959 framed under the 1953 Act provided for, among
others, a comprehensive Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) in India. This survey replaced both the CMI and SSMI. The ASI was launched in 1960 with 1959 as the
reference year and is continuing since then except for 1972. For ASI, the Collection of Statistics Act
1953 and the rules frame there-under in 1959 provides the statutory basis. The ASI refers to the factories defined in
accordance with the Factories Act 1948, and thus has coverage wider than that
of the CMI and SSMI put together.
Scope and
Coverage
6. The ASI extends to the
entire country except the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Sikkim and
Union Territory of Lakshadweep. It covers all factories registered under
Sections 2m(i) and 2m(ii) of the Factories Act, 1948 i.e. those factories employing
10 or more workers using power; and those employing 20 or more workers without
using power. The survey also covers bidi and cigar manufacturing establishments
registered under the Bidi & Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act,
1966 with coverage as above. All electricity undertakings engaged in
generation, transmission and distribution of electricity registered with the
Central Electricity Authority (CEA) were covered under ASI irrespective of
their employment size. Certain servicing units and activities like water
supply, cold storage, repairing of motor vehicles and other consumer durables
like watches etc. are covered under the Survey. Though servicing industries
like motion picture production, personal services like laundry services, job dyeing,
etc. are covered under the Survey but data are not tabulated, as these
industries do not fall under the scope of industrial sector defined by the
United Nations. Defence establishments,
oil storage and distribution depots, restaurants, hotels, café and computer
services and the technical training institutes, etc. are excluded from the
purview of the Survey.
7. From ASI 1998-99, the
electricity units registered with the CEA and the departmental units such as
railway workshops, RTC workshops, Govt. Mints, sanitary, water supply, gas
storage etc. are not covered, as there are alternative sources of their data
compilation for the GDP estimates by the National Accounts Division of CSO.
ASI frame
and its updation
8. The ASI frame is based
on the lists of registered factories/units maintained by the Chief Inspector of
Factories (CIF) in each State/UT and those maintained by licensing authorities
in respect of bidi and cigar establishments and electricity undertakings.
Regional offices of FOD (NSSO) maintain close liaison with CIF in updating the
frame every year.
Sampling
Design
9. The primary unit of
enumeration in the survey is a factory in the case of manufacturing industries,
a workshop in the case of repair services, an undertaking or a licensee in the
case of electricity, gas & water supply undertakings and an establishment
in the case of bidi & cigar industries.
The owner of two or more establishments located in the same State and
pertaining to the same industry group and belonging to same scheme (census or
sample) is, however, permitted to furnish a single consolidated return. Such consolidated returns are common feature
in the case of bidi and cigar establishments, electricity and certain public sector
undertakings.
10. The ASI adopted from the
beginning a very simple design. All units with 50 or more workers operating
with power, and units having 100 or more workers operating without power were
covered under the census sector. Also 12
States/UTs, namely, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Nagaland, Tripura and Pondicherry, A&N Islands, Chandigarh, Goa, Daman
& Diu, D&N Haveli, which were industrially backward, were covered under
the census sector to take complete stock of their manufacturing activities. Even the sample sector which comprised of
units employing less than 50/100 workers (operating with or without power) in
the major States were covered fully over a span of two years. This procedure continued till ASI 1986-87 by
which time the total number of factories in the country grew enormously. Accordingly, the definition of the census
sector was changed from ASI 1987-88 to the units having 100 or more workers
irrespective of their operation with or without power. All the units in the
frame of 12 less industrially developed States/UTs were surveyed on complete
enumeration basis. The rest of the
universe was covered on sampling basis through an efficient sampling design
adopting State X 3 digit industry group as stratum so as to cover all the units
in a span of three years. This design
continued till ASI 1996-97.
11. Before launching of ASI
1997-98 due to constraints of resources in covering a large number of units in
the survey and generating the results of the survey in time bound manner, a
review of the earlier design was made and a revised design was adopted in ASI
1997-98. The census sector was defined
to include units having 200 or more workers and also some Significant Units
were identified from the databases of ASI 1993-94 to ASI 1995-96, which
although having less than 200 workers, contributed significantly to the Value
of Output in these ASI years. The complete coverage of all Units in 12 less
industrially developed States/UTs, namely, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &
Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, A&N Islands, Chandigarh UT,
D&N Haveli, Daman & Diu and Pondicherry was continued. Also, all public
sector undertakings (PSUs) were included in the census sector. The rest of the universe was covered in the
Sample Sector by the usual formula of determination of sample size at a given
value of the precision of the estimates with at least 99 per cent chance. This approach significantly reduced the
sample size in ASI 1997-98 compared to that of ASI 1996-97 while maintaining a
fair level of degree of precision for the estimates up to the State level. However,
in 1997-98 a consensus decision has been taken so as not to attempt for the
district level estimates. This design has been more or less continued till
2003-04 with the modification that the census sector was defined to include
units having 100 or more workers instead of 200 or more workers and only 5
industrially backward States/UTs, namely, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura
and A&N Islands were covered in census sector. The public sector undertakings were also
covered in the general scheme i.e. units having 100 or more workers in census
sector and rest in sample sector.
A new sampling design has been adopted from ASI 2004-05 which continued
till ASI 2006-07 is as under:
i)
Units with 100 or more workers will be categorized as census sector and
the rest of the units will be treated as sample sector, without any change in
the existing criteria;
ii)
In the sample sector, the units will be stratified at 4 digit level of
NIC-04 in each State separately and 1/5th of the units in each
strata will be selected circular systematically for coverage in each ASI
subject to a minimum sample size of 6 units in each stratum;
iii)
This design will ensure that the whole universe of units is covered in
five years;
iv)
The classification of the units in the frame into census and sample
sectors should be done in the beginning of the 5-year cycle and it should not
be disturbed during the course of the cycle;
v)
At the end of the cycle when the data on the all the units in the frame
become available the frame should be updated and then the composition of census
and sample sector should be re-drafted;
vi)
In respect of the new units getting registered each year of the last 4
years in the 5-year cycle, a supplementary frame has to be prepared for each
year and units for coverage from this supplementary frame of each year may be
selected using the same criteria as was applied to the main frame.
12. As per the decision taken by
the Standing Committee on Industrial Statistics (SCIS), a new sampling design
was adopted for ASI 2007-08. Accordingly, for ASI 2007-2008, the Census Sector
has been defined as follows:
a)
All industrial units belonging
to the five less industrially developed states/ UT’s viz. Manipur, Meghalaya,
Nagaland, Tripura and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
b)
For the rest of the twenty-six states/ UT’s., (i) units having 100 or
more workers, and (ii) all factories covered under Joint Returns.
c) Strata (State by 4-digit of NIC-04) having less than or equal to six
units after selecting the Census Sector units as defined above are also
selected as census sector.
d) From the remaining merged frame
(main frame 2004-05 plus
supplementary frame 2005-06 plus
supplementary frame 2006-07 plus
supplementary frame 2007-08), samples were drawn considering higher allocation
for states having relatively higher percentage contribution in sample sector in
terms of GVA based on last 2 (two) years’ available data. Accordingly, state
wise census and sample sector contribution of GVA was calculated based on last
two years’ available data along with the RSE of GVA estimates in sample sector
based on data of ASI 2005-06. In general, sampling fraction of 12% was
considered for all the states within a StateXSectorX4-digit NIC with a minimum
of 6 units evenly distributed in two sub-samples, except (i) Jammu &
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Madhya Pradesh, Daman & Diu, Dadra
& Nagar Haveli, Goa with 20% sampling fraction, (ii) Delhi & Rajasthan
with 13% sampling fraction, (iii) Bihar & Pondicherry with 15% sampling
fraction due to relatively higher contribution of sample sector to the total
GVA and higher RSE.
Industrial
Classification
13. The Standard Industrial
and Occupation Classification 1962 developed on the basis of the UN
International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) of all Economic
Activities 1958 (Rev. 1) was adopted from its first survey in 1960. With effect from ASI 1973-74, the National
Industrial Classification (NIC) 1970 developed subsequently on the basis of
UNISIC 1968(Rev.2) has been adopted. The NIC 1987 that strictly followed UNISIC
1968 was adopted from ASI 1989-90 to ASI 1997-98. The NIC 1998, developed on the basis of
UNISIC, 1990 (Rev. 3) was used from ASI 1998-99 to ASI 2003-04. The latest
classification, i.e. NIC 2004, developed on the basis of UNISIC 2002 (Rev. 3.1)
has been adopted from ASI 2004-05.
Reference
period & schedule of enquiry
14. Reference period for ASI
is the accounting year of the industrial unit ending on any day during the
fiscal year. Thus, in ASI 2007-08, the
data collected from the respective industrial units relate to their accounting
year ended on any day between 1st April 2007 and 31 March 2008.
15. Data for the ASI are
collected through a comprehensive schedule.
In the initial rounds, the schedule sought particulars relating to
manufacturing activity only. Over the
years, additions were made to meet the specific data requirements of various
organisations. By 1973-74, the schedule
consisted of five Parts: Part I on manufacturing, Part II on labour turnover,
Part III on stocks & consumption of components and accessories in small
scale sector, Part IV on construction expenditure and Part V on indirect taxes,
sales, subsidies and capacity of power equipments installed. It was felt that the ASI schedule had become
too unwieldy and complicated. So a
modified schedule with three parts on manufacturing, labour and construction
was adopted with effect from ASI 1974-75. Further modifications in the schedule
were carried out in 1987-88, and again in 1997-98. Part III schedule relating
to construction has been discontinued from 1998-99. The schedule from ASI
2003-04 also incorporated some minor changes.
Concepts
and Definitions of items collected through the schedule of enquiry
16. The concepts and
definitions of items collected through ASI schedule are given below:
Reference Year for ASI
2007-08 is the accounting year of the factory ending on 31st March 2008 while
the survey was conducted in 2008-09.
Factory is one
that is registered under sections 2m (i) and 2m (ii) of the Factories Act,
1948. The sections 2m (i) and 2m (ii) refer to any premises including the precincts
thereof (a) whereon ten or more workers are working, or were working on any day
of the preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing
process is being carried on with the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried
on; or (b) whereon twenty or more workers are working or were working on any
day of the preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing
process is being carried on without the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on.
Fixed Capital represents
the depreciated value of fixed assets owned by the factory as on the closing
day of the accounting year. Fixed assets are those that have a normal
productive life of more than one year. Fixed capital includes land including
lease- hold land, buildings, plant & machinery, furniture and fixtures,
transport equipment, water system and roadways and other fixed assets such as
hospitals, schools, etc. used for the benefit of the factory personnel.
Physical Working Capital is the
total inventories comprising of raw materials and components, fuels and
lubricants, spares, stores and others, semi-finished goods and finished goods
as on the closing day of the accounting year. However, it does not include the
stock of the materials, fuels, stores, etc. supplied by others to the factory
for processing and finished goods processed by the factory from raw materials
supplied by others.
Working Capital is the
sum total of the physical working capital as already defined above and the cash
deposits in hand and at bank and the net balance receivable over amounts
payable at the end of the accounting year. Working capital, however, excludes
unused overdraft facility, fixed deposits (irrespective of duration), advances
for acquisition of fixed assets, loans and advances by proprietors and partners
(irrespective of their purpose and duration), long-term loans (including
interest thereon) and investments.
Productive Capital is the
total of fixed capital and working capital as defined above
Invested Capital is the
total of fixed capital and physical working capital as defined above.
Gross Value of Plant and Machinery represents
the total original (un-depreciated) value of installed plant and machinery at
the end of the accounting year. It includes the book value of the newly
installed plants and machinery and the approximate value of rented in plants
and machinery at the time of renting-in but excludes the value of rented-out
plants and machinery. Total value of all
the plants and machinery acquired on hire - purchase basis is also included.
Outstanding Loans represent
all loans (whether short term or long term, interest bearing or not)
outstanding according to the books of the factory as on the closing day of the
accounting year.
Workers are defined to include all persons employed
directly or through any agency whether for
wages or not and engaged in any
manufacturing process or in cleaning any part of the machinery or premises used for manufacturing
process or in any other kind of work
incidental to or connected with the manufacturing process or the subject of
the manufacturing process . Labour
engaged in the repair & maintenance, or production of fixed assets for
factory's own use, or employed for generating electricity, or producing coal,
gas etc. are included.
Employees include all workers defined above and persons receiving wages and holding
clerical or supervisory or managerial positions engaged in administrative
office, store keeping section and welfare section, sales department as also
those engaged in purchase of raw materials etc. or purchase of fixed assets for
the factory as well as watch and ward staff.
Total Persons Engaged include the employees as defined above and
all working proprietors and their family members who are actively engaged in
the work of the factory even without any pay, and the unpaid members of the
co-operative societies who worked in or for the factory in any direct and
productive capacity. The number of workers or employees is an average number
obtained by dividing mandays worked by the number of days the factory had
worked during the reference year.
Wages and Salaries are defined to include all
remuneration in monetary terms and also payable more or less regularly in each
pay period to workers as compensation for work done during the accounting year.
It includes (a) direct wages and salary (i.e., basic wages/salaries, payment of
overtime, dearness, compensatory allowance, house rent and other allowances),
(b) remuneration for the period not worked (i.e., basic wages, salaries and
allowances payable for leave period, paid holiday, lay-off payments and
compensation for unemployment, if not paid from sources other than employers),
(c) bonuses and ex-gratia payment paid both at regular and less frequent
intervals (i.e., incentive bonuses, good attendance bonuses, productive
bonuses, profit sharing bonuses, festival or year-end bonuses, etc.). It
excludes lay off payments which are made from trust or other special funds set
up exclusively for this purpose i.e., payments not made by the employer. It
also excludes imputed value of benefits in kind, employer's contribution to old
age benefits and other social security charges, direct expenditure on maternity
benefits and crèches and other group benefits. Travelling and other expenditure
incurred for business purposes and reimbursed by the employer are excluded. The
wages are expressed in terms of gross value i.e., before deduction for fines,
damages, taxes, provident fund, employee's state insurance contribution, etc.
Contribution To Provident Fund And Other Funds includes
old age benefits like provident fund, pension, gratuity, etc. and employers contribution towards other social
security charges such as employees state
insurance, compensation for work injuries and occupational diseases, provident
fund-linked insurance, retrenchment and lay- off benefits.
Workmen and Staff Welfare Expenses include group benefits like direct expenditure on maternity, crèches,
canteen facilities, educational, cultural and recreational facilities; and
grants to trade unions, co-operative stores, etc. meant for
employees.
Total Emoluments is defined as the sum of wages and salaries,
employers’ contribution as provident fund and other funds and workmen and staff
welfare expenses as defined above.
Total Input comprises total value of fuels and materials
consumed as well as expenditures such as cost of contract and commission work done by others on
materials supplied by the factory, cost of materials consumed for repair and
maintenance of factory's fixed assets including cost of repairs and maintenance
work done by others to the factory's fixed assets, inward freight and transport
charges, rates and taxes (excluding income tax), postage, telephone and telex
expenses, insurance charges, banking charges, cost of printing and stationery
and purchase value of goods sold in the same condition as purchased .
Total Output comprises total ex-factory
value of products and by-products manufactured as well as other receipts such
as receipts from non-industrial services rendered to others, work done for
others on material supplied by them, value of electricity produced and sold,
sale value of goods sold in the same condition as purchased, addition in stock
of semi- finished goods and own construction.
Depreciation is consumption of fixed
capital due to wear & tear and obsolescence during the accounting year and
is taken as provided by the factory owner or is estimated on the basis of cost
of installation and working life of the fixed assets.
Net Value Added is
arrived by deducting total input and depreciation from total output.
Presentation
of Data
17. The ASI results presented in the published reports relate to
the factory sector i.e. industrial units covered under the census and sample
sectors of the ASI. The total of any
characteristic was obtained by adding the figures of the census sector and
estimates of sample sector.
Present
position of availability of results
18. As per the National
Dissemination Policy, the ASI reports are supplied on electronic media to the
Computer Centre, New Delhi which has been declared as the Data Warehouse of the
Ministry of Statistics & PI for the purpose of dissemination to users on
request as per the Pricing Policy fixed by the Ministry. As per the dissemination policy, the
Unit-wise data are also supplied by CSO (IS Wing), Kolkata to the Computer
Centre for dissemination to users. Of
course, for Unit-wise dissemination due care is taken in suppressing identities
of industrial Units as required under the Collection of Statistics Act
1953. This is achieved by merger of data
of some units in some industry groups/States/UTs when the number of units
became less than three.
19. The final results of Volume-I for ASI
2007-08 have already been released. The
ASI results in respect of selected characteristics are available in electronic
media at various levels of aggregation, viz.
·
All industries by States,
·
All India X 2- digit level of NIC with rural-urban break-up,
·
All India X 2/3/4-digit level of
NIC,
·
States X 2/3/4-digit level of NIC,
20. The following offices may
be contacted for the ASI results on electronic media against payment:
I.
Deputy Director General
Central Statistics Office (Industrial
Statistics Wing)
Ministry of Statistics & Programme
Implementation
1, Council House Street, Kolkata - 700
001
Tel: 91-33-22481521; Fax: 91-33-
22483501
E-Mail: cso_isw@yahoo.co.in
II.
Deputy Director General
Computer Center
Ministry of Statistics & Programme
Implementation
East Block-10, R.K.Puram
New Delhi - 110066
Tel: 91-11-26109682; Fax :
91-11-26160652
E-Mail : pc.mohanan@nic.in, pc.nirala@nic.in