CHAPTER V

 

Comparison of Results of Economic Censuses

1980, 1990 and 1998

 

            The economic census conducted in 1998 was fourth in the series. The first economic census was carried out by the CSO in collaboration with the DESs in States/UTs during the last quarter of the year 1977. The coverage of this census was confined to non-agricultural establishments only. The second and the third economic censuses were synchronised with the house listing operations of the decinnial population censuses 1981 and 1991 respectively. The scope and coverage in these two economic censuses were enlarged to cover own account enterprises as well as establishments engaged in both agricultural (except those engaged in crop production & plantation) and non-agricultural activities.  The scope and coverage of fourth economic census was more or less same as that of the second and the third economic censuses.  It was de-linked from population census and instead made a joint endeavor of CSO and DESs in the States/UT’s. 

 

Limitations

 

5.2       The scope and coverage of first economic census and subsequent economic censuses were different.  Comparison of results has, therefore, been made in respect of 1980, 1990 and 1998 economic censuses only.

 

5.3       The results of Assam and Jammu & Kashmir were also excluded in the analysis because economic census was not conducted in Assam during 1980 and in Jammu & Kashmir during 1990.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

 

5.4       The comparison also got restricted when the results are compared at desaggregated level of activity classification due to use of different NIC.  In second economic census, conducted in 1980, enterprises had been classified according to the expanded version of the NIC 1970, but in third and fourth economic censuses, NIC 1987 had been used. 

 

Growth of Enterprises

 

5.5       Table 5.1 gives number of enterprises in last three economic censuses and inter-censal growth rate of enterprises in respect of rural, urban and combined areas over the periods 1980-90 & 1990-98.  It would be seen that the overall annual growth rate of enterprises per year declined to 2.36% (1990-98) from 3.04% (1980-90).  This is due to sharp decline of growth rate in some of the large States  (Table 5.2) viz. West Bengal (2.05%), Andhra Pradesh (1.95%), Haryana (1.93%) and Madhya Pradesh (1.58%).

 

 

 

                          Excluding Assam & J.K.

5.6       Among the States, the maximum growth rate of enterprises during the period 1990-98 has been observed in Manipur (3.47%) followed by Orissa (3.59%) and Rajasthan (3.42%). Among UTs, Delhi showed highest growth rate (5.27%) of enterprises, followed by Dadra & Nagar Haveli (4.96%) and Pondicherry (4.32%).

5.7       In rural areas, overall growth rate has declined from 2.69% (1980-90) to 2.27% (1990‑98).  The decline is contributed by corresponding decline in some

larger States viz. Maharashtra (2.65%), Andhra Pradesh (1.82%), Haryana (1.62%), West Bengal (1.48%) and Madhya Pradesh (0.57%). The maximum growth rate in rural areas has been observed in Kerala (5.21%) followed by Orissa (3.88%) and Rajasthan (3.55%). Among UTs, it is the maximum in Dadra & Nagar Haveli (4.64%) followed by Pondicherry (3.99%) and Daman & Diu (3.12%). 

 

                          Note:  N.A.  Not available

 

5.8       In urban areas, the growth rate has declined very sharply from 3.55% (1980-90) to 2.50% (1990-98).  This decline is mainly due to fall in growth in the states of Madhya Pradesh (3.07%), Himachal Pradesh (2.70%), Maharashtra (2.65%), Andhra Pradesh (2.25%), and Haryana (2.19%).  The maximum growth rate of 5.89% has been observed in Sikkim followed by Nagaland (4.51%) and Tripura (4.05%).  Among UTs, it is maximum, in Dadra & Nagar Haveli (6.06%) followed by Delhi (5.38%) and A&N Islands (4.84%).

 

Agriculture enterprises

 

 

5.9       Agricultural enterprises had registered a rising trend ever since 1980.  The overall growth rate of enterprises has increased from 4.81% during 1980-90 to 5.12% during 1990-98.  However, the trend is diametrically opposite in respect of rural and urban areas.  In rural areas, growth rate has increased from 5.03% (1980‑90) to 5.44% (1990‑98) whereas in urban areas, growth rate has significantly declined from 3.05% (1980-90) to 1.92% (1990-98).

 

Non-agricultural enterprises

 

5.10.   The growth rate of non-agricultural enterprises has reduced from 2.87% during 1980-90 to 2.04% during 1990-98.  The growth rate has declined in both rural and urban areas.  In rural areas, growth rate has declined from 2.35% (1980-90) to 1.65% (1990-98) and in urban areas from 3.57% (1980-90) to 2.51% (1990-98). 

 

Own Account Enterprises

 

5.11    The growth rate of own account enterprises had declined from 2.76% (1980‑90) to 2.30% (1990-98).  The trend is uniform in rural as well as in urban areas.  In rural areas, the growth rate has declined from 2.63% (1980-90) to 2.25% (1990-98) whereas in urban areas, it has declined from 2.99% (1980-90) to 2.37% (1990-98). 

 

 

Establishments

 

5.12    In case of establishments, growth rate has declined quite sharply from 3.77% (1980-90) to 2.53% (1990-98).  Although, similar trend has been observed in respect of rural and urban areas; but decline is quite sharp in respect of urban areas.  In rural areas, the growth rate has declined from 2.91% (1980-90) to 2.33% (1990-98) whereas in urban areas, it has declined from 4.56% (1980-90) to 2.69% (1990-98).

 

 

Other characteristics of enterprises

Non perennial enterprises

5.13            The overall growth rate of non perennial enterprises has declined from 3.69% (1980-90) to 3.52% (1990-98).  The decline in non-perennial enterprises

was accounted for by the decline in growth in rural areas though there was some increase in non perennial enterprises in the urban areas. 

 

Table 5.7 Growth rates of selected characteristics of enterprises by their location
Type of unit	Rural			Urban			Combined
	1980  to 1990	1990  to 1998	1980  to 1998	1980  to 1990	1990  to 1998	1980  to 1998	1980  to 1990	1990  to 1998	1980  to 1998
Own Account Enterprises
Total Units	2.63	2.25	2.46	2.99	2.37	2.71	2.76	2.30	2.55
Operated
Non perennial	3.72	3.62	3.67	3.59	3.65	3.62	3.70	3.62	3.67
With power/fuel	3.66	2.83	3.29	4.37	4.97	4.63	3.90	3.61	3.77
Without premises	2.37	2.86	2.59	2.32	2.14	2.24	2.35	2.63	2.48
Owned by
ST	4.43	5.12	4.74	1.79	11.21	5.87	4.02	6.12	4.95
SC	2.93	-0.77	1.27	3.83	1.14	2.63	3.15	-0.27	1.61
Establishments
Total Units	2.91	2.33	2.65	4.56	2.69	3.73	3.77	2.53	3.21
Operated
Non perennial	3.40	2.42	2.96	4.51	5.52	4.96	3.64	3.16	3.42
With power/fuel	4.90	3.86	4.43	5.06	3.18	4.22	4.99	3.45	4.31
Without premises	3.04	9.41	5.82	4.82	11.22	7.62	3.61	10.05	6.42
Owned by
ST	6.03	6.62	6.29	4.60	15.61	9.36	5.50	10.42	7.66
SC	6.55	3.64	5.24	6.57	7.64	7.04	6.56	5.58	6.12
All Enterprises
Total Units	2.69	2.27	2.50	3.55	2.50	3.08	3.04	2.36	2.74
Operated
Non perennial	3.65	3.39	3.54	3.86	4.24	4.03	3.69	3.52	3.61
With power/fuel	4.01	3.14	3.62	4.73	4.03	4.42	4.33	3.55	3.98
Without premises	2.43	3.59	2.94	2.54	3.32	2.89	2.47	3.50	2.92
Owned by
ST	4.55	5.25	4.86	2.37	12.34	6.69	4.16	6.64	5.26
SC	3.14	-0.41	1.55	4.22	2.40	3.41	3.42	0.40	2.07
Excluding  Assam and J&K

Enterprises without premises

5.14    The enterprises operating without fixed premises have shown a growing trend. The overall growth of enterprises operating without premises has increased from 2.47% during 1980‑90 to 3.50% during 1990-98.  The pattern is uniform in respect of rural and urban areas.  Similar trend was also observed in respect of own account enterprises.  But in case of establishments the growth rate has significantly increased from 3.61% (1980-90) to 10.05% (1990-98).

Enterprises using power/fuel

5.15    The overall growth of enterprises using power/fuel has declined from 4.33% (1980-90) to 3.55% (1990-98).  The trend is uniform in respect of rural and urban areas and as well as in respect of own account enterprises and establishments.

Enterprises owned by SC/ST

5.16    The overall growth rate of enterprises owned by persons belonging to SC category has significantly declined from 3.42% (1980-90) to 0.40% (1990-98).  The decline in the growth rate has been observed both in rural and urban areas; but in rural area the growth is even negative (-0.41%).  The growth rate has also declined in respect of own-account enterprises and establishments, owned by the persons of SC category.

5.17    In contrast, the growth rate of enterprises owned by persons belonging to ST category has significantly increased from 4.16% (1980-90) to 6.64% (1990-98).  Although, the pattern is same in respect of rural and urban areas; but increase is quite sharp in urban areas where growth rate has increased from 2.37% (1980-90) to 12.34% (1990-98).  The growth rate of own-account enterprises and establishments owned by persons of ST category is also on same pattern. 

Enterprises by major activity groups

5.18    The percentage share in respect of construction, wholesale & retail trade, transport, financial insurance and real estate etc. activities has increased consistently during the period 1980-98.  Substantial increase has been observed in wholesale & retail trade and transport.  The percentage share of whole sale & retail trade has increased from 35.82% (1980) to 38.96% in 1990 and 42.27% in 1998.  The share of transport activity was 1.91% in 1980, 2.24% in 1990 and 3.36% in 1998 and the share of financial, insurance, real estate and business activity was 1.63%, 2.06% and 2.61% in 1980, 1990 and 1998 respectively. 

5.19    On the other hand, the percentage share has consistently declined in manufacturing and restaurants & hotels activities.  In manufacturing activity, the decline is quite sharp. In 1980, the share of enterprises in manufacturing activity was 35.3%, which declined to 23.9% in 1990 and further declined to 20.8% in 1998.  The percentage share of enterprises engaged in restaurants & hotels activity has declined from 4.80% in 1980 to 4.74% in 1990 and to 4.42% in 1998.

	Table 5.8   Percentage share of  Non Agricultural Enterprises by major activity group
Sl. No.	Major Activity Group	Rural			Urban			Combined
		1980	1990	1998	1980	1990	1998	1980	1990	1998
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)
1	Mining & quarrying	0.26	0.34	0.21	0.07	0.08	0.05	0.18	0.23	0.14
2	Manufacturing	38.78	27.65	24.59	30.35	19.26	16.47	35.26	23.90	20.83
3	Electricity, gas & water	0.20	0.22	0.17	0.20	0.17	0.10	0.20	0.20	0.14
4	Construction	0.81	1.00	1.16	1.01	1.05	0.96	0.89	1.02	1.06
5	Wholesale trade & retail trade	31.35	34.54	37.76	42.05	44.45	47.50	35.82	38.96	42.27
6	Restaurants & hotels	4.54	4.67	4.23	5.16	4.82	4.63	4.80	4.74	4.42
7	Transport	1.19	1.79	3.21	2.91	2.79	3.53	1.91	2.24	3.36
8	Storage & warehousing	0.38	0.41	0.16	1.21	1.39	0.46	0.73	0.85	0.30
9	Communications	0.84	0.68	0.64	0.24	0.21	1.27	0.59	0.47	0.93
10	Financial, insurance, real estate and business services	0.87	1.20	1.62	2.69	3.13	3.75	1.63	2.06	2.61
11	Community, social & personal services	20.66	27.47	26.21	13.58	22.56	21.26	17.71	25.28	23.92
12	Other (unspecified) activities	0.12	0.01	0.04	0.54	0.08	0.01	0.29	0.04	0.02
	All activities	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
	No. of Enterprises (in 000)	9741	12287	14011	6976	9904	12078	16717	22191	26087

Excluding Assam and J&K

 

 

 

Growth in employment

5.20    The overall annual growth rate of workers employed in all enterprises has significantly declined from 2.84% during 1980-90 to 1.71% during 1990-98. This is mainly due to the fact that growth rate of employment has sharply declined in large states viz. Andhra Pradesh (1.38%), Bihar (‑0.68%), Haryana (1.79%), Karnataka (0.41%), Madhya Pradesh (0.92%) and Orissa (2.14%) (see table 5.10).  Among States, the maximum growth rate of employment during the period 1990-98 has been observed in Orissa (3.78%) followed by Assam (3.32%) and Manipur (3.09%).  Among UT’s, it is maximum in respect of Dadra & Nagar Haveli (10.81%), followed by Delhi (6.70%) and Pondicherry (5.31%).

                 Excluding Assam and J&k

5.21    In rural areas, growth rate of employment has declined from 2.88% (1980-90) to 2.51% (1990‑98).   The decline is mainly accounted for by the larger states viz. Andhra Pradesh (1.60%), Haryana (1.60%), Karnataka (0.79%) and Madhya Pradesh (0.41%).  It is also noted that inspite of decline in overall growth rate of workers, significant upward trend has been observed in respect of Kerala (4.85%), Maharashtra (3.29%) and Rajasthan (3.92%).

 

                          Note:  N.A.  Not available

5.22    In urban areas, the growth rate has declined quite sharply from 2.81% (1980‑90) to 1.34% (1990-98). The decline is mainly due to decline of growth of workers in larger states viz. Bihar (-0.42%), Kerala (-3.09%), Madhya Pradesh (1.38%) and Uttar Pradesh (0.88%). 

 

Average employment

 

5.23    The average employment per enterprise has reduced from 2.93 in 1980 to 2.87 in 1990 and further to 2.73 in 1998. This is the cumulative effect of the fact that the growth rate of enterprises was more in comparison of growth rate of workers over the periods 1980-1990 and 1990-1998,

 

5.24    Average employment per enterprise in case of agricultural activities was fluctuating.  As per economic census 1980, 1990 and 1998, it was 1.95, 2.04 and 1.94 respectively.  The trend is same in respect of rural areas; but in urban areas it set a declining trend all through from 2.29 in 1980 to 2.26 in 1990 and further to 2.24 in 1998.

 

5.25    In case of non-agricultural activities, average employment per enterprise was found consistently declining.  As per economic census 1980, it was 3.01 which reduced to 2.96 in 1990 and further reduced to 2.83 in 1998. Similar trend has also been observed in urban areas, but in case of rural areas, it has shown a marginally upward trend.

 

Table 5.11: Average employment per enterprise

Note:  Excluding Assam and J &K.